BOBC

List Resources

Displaying 1 - 100  of 215 (Bibliography: WIKINDX Master Bibliography)
Parameters
Order by

Ascending
Descending
Use all checked: 
Use all displayed: 
Use all in list: 
[anon.]. "Racism in Children’s Books: Tintin in the Congo." Journal of Blacks in Higher Education (2007): 14.   
Added by: joachim 2/11/18, 11:35 AM
Alexandru, Maria-Sabina Draga. "Narrative Exploration against Mentality Issues: Indirect Education for Multiculturalism in Tintin." Representing Multiculturalism in Comics and Graphic Novels. Eds. Carolene Ayaka and Ian Hague. Routledge Research in Cultural and Media Studies. London, New York: Routledge, 2014. 163–76.   
Added by: joachim 5/10/16, 10:24 PM
Algoud, Albert, ed. L’Archipel Tintin. Réflexions faites. Bruxelles: Les Impressions Nouvelles, 2012.   
Added by: joachim   Last edited by: joachim 2/12/18, 1:05 AM
Algoud, Albert. Dictionnaire amoureux de Tintin. Dictionnaire amoureux. Paris: Plon, 2016.   
Added by: joachim   Last edited by: joachim 6/6/17, 3:00 PM
Algoud, Albert. "Et la lumière fut …: Un personnage intermittent, Séraphin Lampion." L’archipel Tintin. Ed. Albert Algoud. Réflexions faites. Bruxelles: Les Impressions Nouvelles, 2012. 95–108.   
Added by: joachim   Last edited by: joachim 2/15/13, 4:53 PM
Angenot, Marc. "Basil Zaharoff et la guerre du Chaco: La tintinisation de la géopolitique des années 1930." Études littéraires 46. (2010): 47–63.   
Added by: joachim   Last edited by: joachim 6/9/13, 7:59 PM
Apostolidès, Jean-Marie. "Tintin and the Family Romance." Children’s Literature 13. (1985): 94–108.   
Added by: joachim 8/31/09, 5:30 PM
Apostolidès, Jean-Marie. Tintin et le mythe du surenfant. Bruxelles: Moulinsart, 2003.   
Added by: joachim 8/17/11, 3:35 PM
Apostolidès, Jean-Marie. Les métamorphoses de Tintin. Champs. Paris: Flammarion, 2006.   
Added by: joachim 8/17/11, 2:27 PM
Apostolidès, Jean-Marie. "Hergé and the Myth of the Superchild." Yale French Studies 111. (2007): 45–57.   
Added by: joachim 8/17/11, 3:07 PM
Apostolidès, Jean-Marie. The Metamorphoses of Tintin, or, Tintin for Adults. Palo Alto: Stanford Univ. Press, 2009.   
Added by: joachim   Last edited by: joachim 8/17/11, 3:01 PM
Apostolidès, Jean-Marie. Dans la peau de Tintin. Réflexions faites. Bruxelles: Les Impressions Nouvelles, 2010.   
Added by: joachim 8/17/11, 2:04 PM
Apostolidès, Jean-Marie. Lettre à Hergé. Réflexions faites. Bruxelles: Les Impressions Nouvelles, 2013.   
Added by: joachim 2/3/14, 11:41 PM
Apostolidès, Jean-Marie. "Dans le ventre de La Licorne: L’organisation du monde de Tintin." L’archipel Tintin. Ed. Albert Algoud. Réflexions faites. Bruxelles: Les Impressions Nouvelles, 2012. 51–94.   
Added by: joachim 10/7/12, 12:18 AM
Assouline, Pierre. Hergé. 2nd ed. Paris: Gallimard, 1998.   
Added by: joachim   Last edited by: joachim 10/31/11, 3:34 PM
Augereau, Pierre-Louis. Hergé au pays des tarots: Une lecture symbolique, ésotérique et alchimique des aventures de Tintin. Collection l'or bleu. Le Coudray-Macouard: Cheminements, 1999.   
Added by: joachim   Last edited by: joachim 8/17/11, 5:09 PM
Badot, Étienne. La clé alchimique de l’œuvre d’Hergé. Hyères: La Pierre Philosophale, 2011.   
Added by: joachim   Last edited by: joachim 1/22/20, 4:26 PM
Baetens, Jan. "Tintin the Untranslatable." Sites 5. (2001): 363–71.   
Added by: joachim   Last edited by: joachim 8/31/09, 5:36 PM
Baetens, Jan. "Hergé, auteur à contraintes? Une relecture de L’Affaire Tournesol." French Forum 31. (2006): 99–111.   
Added by: joachim   Last edited by: joachim 10/22/16, 7:25 PM
Baetens, Jan. Hergé écrivain. Champs. Paris: Flammarion, 2010.   
Added by: Benoît Crucifix   Last edited by: Benoît Crucifix 6/25/14, 7:43 PM
Baetens, Jan. "From Black & White to Color and Back: What Does It Mean (not) to Use Color?." College Literature 38. (2011): 111–28.   
Added by: joachim 10/7/11, 2:35 PM
Baetens, Jan and Hugo Frey. "‘Layouting’ for the plot: Charles Burns and the clear line revisited." Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics 8. (2017): 193–202.   
Added by: joachim   Last edited by: joachim 3/21/23, 11:07 AM
Balzer, Jens. "Die Sprache des Comic." Auskunft 14. (1994): 33–47.   
Added by: joachim 8/21/16, 9:37 AM
Bär, Iris Andrea. "Historiker im »Bilderdschungel«: Zwischen »Comicgeschichte« und »Geschichte im Comic«." Magisterarbeit M.A. Universität Münster, 1999.   
Added by: joachim   Last edited by: joachim 1/3/11, 12:39 PM
Barbieri, Daniele. "Tintin et la ligne claire." Tintin, Hergé et la «Belgité». Ed. Anna Soncini Fratta. BelŒil. Bologna: CLUEB, 1994. 261–76.   
Added by: Okwuchi Mba   Last edited by: joachim 2/11/20, 7:56 PM
Bartlett, Myke. "The Adventures of Tintin: Drawn into Motion." Screen Education (2012): 8–17.   
Added by: joachim 1/9/14, 3:48 PM
de la Batelière, Jean-Loup. Comment Hergé a créé Tintin au Congo. Bédéstory, 2009.   
Added by: joachim   Last edited by: joachim 2/7/18, 10:43 AM
Beauvais, Clémentine. "“A Nightmare Land, A Place of Death”: An Exploration of the Moon as a Motif in Hergé’s Destination Moon (1953) and Explorers on the Moon (1954)." Children’s Literature in Education 41. (2010): 251–59.   
Added by: joachim 8/14/10, 1:05 PM
Begenat-Neuschäfer, Anne. "Bild und Text im belgischen Comic." Comic und Jugendliteratur in Belgien von ihren Anfängen bis heute. Ed. Anne Begenat-Neuschäfer. Belgien im Fokus. Frankfurt am Main [etc.]: Peter Lang, 2008. 3–36.   
Added by: joachim   Last edited by: joachim 7/29/09, 5:15 PM
Benoît-Jeannin, Maxime. Le Mythe Hergé. Villeurbane: Ed. Golias, 2001.   
Added by: joachim 10/31/11, 3:45 PM
Bentahar, Ziad. "Tintin in the Arab World and Arabic in the World of Tintin." Alternative Francophone 1. 5 2012. Accessed 1Jan. 2018. <https://journals.librar ... p/af/article/view/12250>.   
Added by: joachim   Last edited by: joachim 1/1/18, 11:53 AM
Boillat, Alain and Françoise Revaz. "« La porte s’ouvre subitement et … (voir page 12) »: La bande dessinée au seuil du magazine." Belphégor 14 2016. Accessed 24Aug. 2020. <https://journals.openedition.org/belphegor/708>.   
Added by: joachim   Last edited by: joachim 8/24/20, 5:16 PM
Boisacq, Marie-Jeanne. "Le Congo de Tintin." Literator 16. 1 1995. Accessed 8Jan. 2018. <http://www.literator.or ... erator/article/view/600>.   
Added by: joachim   Last edited by: joachim 1/8/18, 1:55 AM
Bonfand, Alain and Jean-Luc Marion. Hergé: Tintin le Terrible ou l’alphabet des richesses. Pluriel Lettres. 2nd ed. Paris: Hachette, 2006.   
Added by: joachim   Last edited by: joachim 10/4/14, 2:21 PM
Boudreau, Solange. Le temps dans la lecture d’une bande dessinée. Enseignement du français au primaire. Montréal: Ville-Marie, 1983.   
Added by: joachim   Last edited by: joachim 7/9/21, 3:53 PM
Butler, Betsy. "Tintin As An Unproductive Journalist, But A Wholesome Hero." Communication Booknotes Quarterly 44. (2013): 49–62.   
Added by: joachim 8/24/13, 9:47 PM
Carpi, Daniela. "«Tintin in the New world»: Révision d’un mythe." Tintin, Hergé et la «Belgité». Ed. Anna Soncini Fratta. BelŒil. Bologna: CLUEB, 1994. 137–50.   
Added by: Okwuchi Mba   Last edited by: joachim 2/11/20, 8:04 PM
Carrier, David. "Comics and the art of moving pictures: Piero della Francesca, Hergé, and George Herriman." Word & Image 13. (1997): 317–32.   
Added by: joachim   Last edited by: joachim 10/6/15, 12:59 PM
Castells i Talens, Antoni. "Cómic, cultura y política: Detrás de la máscara de Tintín." La Palabra y el Hombre (2012): 45–51.   
Added by: joachim 6/3/14, 11:21 AM
Cerbelaud, Dominique. "Le héros christique." L’archipel Tintin. Ed. Albert Algoud. Réflexions faites. Bruxelles: Les Impressions Nouvelles, 2012. 35–50.   
Added by: joachim 10/7/12, 12:15 AM
Chanda, Anurima. "How Do the French have Fun in India: A Study of Representations in Tintin and Asterix." Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities 7. (2015): 179.   
Added by: joachim 3/22/17, 3:37 PM
Chanson, Philippe. Tintin au Congo, c’est quand même un peu gros! Une relecture critique de l’imagerie nègre en perspective créole. Cartigny: Tribune libre, 1995.   
Added by: joachim 1/8/18, 1:23 AM
Chelebourg, Christian. Les Écofictions: Mythologies de la fin du monde. Réflexions faites. Bruxelles: Les Impressions Nouvelles, 2012.   
Added by: joachim   Last edited by: joachim 11/10/18, 6:11 PM
Cooke, Rod. "Corroding the Canon in Tintin and the Naturalist Novel." European Comic Art 3. (2010): 145–67.   
Added by: joachim 7/5/12, 8:50 AM
Crucifix, Benoît. "Nitnit et tintiN: Charles Burns et ses doubles." du9 2014. Accessed 14Nov. 2014. <http://www.du9.org/doss ... s-burns-et-ses-doubles/>.   
Added by: joachim   Last edited by: joachim 11/14/14, 3:36 PM
Crucifix, Benoît. "Mémoire de la bande dessinée dans Au travail d’Olivier Josso Hamel: Cases remémorées, redessinées." Comicalités 2017. Accessed 15Nov. 2017. <http://journals.openedition.org/comicalites/2415>.   
Added by: Benoît Crucifix   Last edited by: joachim 12/15/17, 11:58 AM
Cuntz, Michael. "Die Ketten der Sängerin: Zu Hergés Les Bijoux de la Castafiore." Akteur-Medien-Theorie. Eds. Tristan Thielmann, Erhard Schüttpelz and Peter Gendolla. Science Studies. Bielefeld: Transcript, 2011.   
Added by: joachim 4/19/11, 12:37 AM
Deharde, Kristine and Simone Lück-Hildebrandt. "Ciel, mes fiches! Schreibanleitungen zu einer »Tintin«-BD." Der Fremdsprachliche Unterricht. Französisch 42. (2008): 26–33.   
Added by: joachim 12/30/09, 11:27 PM
Delay, Nancy. "Milou et l’enfance de l’homme." Tintin, Hergé et la «Belgité». Ed. Anna Soncini Fratta. BelŒil. Bologna: CLUEB, 1994. 181–202.   
Added by: Okwuchi Mba   Last edited by: joachim 6/3/20, 12:09 PM
Delesse, Catherine. "Proper Names, Onomastic Puns and Spoonerisms: Some Aspects of the Translation of the Astérix and Tintin Comic Series, with Special Reference to English." Comics in Translation. Ed. Federico Zanettin. Manchester: St. Jerome, 2008.   
Added by: joachim   Last edited by: joachim 9/21/09, 10:12 PM
Delisle, Philippe. Hergé, Franquin, le chevalier et le missionnaire: BD franco-belge, politique et religion. Mémoire vive. Montrouge: PLG, 2023.   
Added by: joachim   Last edited by: joachim 1/18/24, 4:26 PM
Denis, Benoît. "Hergé–Simenon, Thirties." From Art Nouveau to Surrealism. Belgian Modernity in the Making. Eds. Nathalie Aubert, Pierre-Philippe Fraiture and Patrick McGuinness. London: Legenda, 2007. 110–27.   
Added by: joachim 6/7/13, 10:34 AM
Denis, Benoît. "De l’Afrique a l’Amérique: L’odyssée mentale des héros chez Hergé et Céline." Tintin, Hergé et la «Belgité». Ed. Anna Soncini Fratta. BelŒil. Bologna: CLUEB, 1994. 75–88.   
Added by: Okwuchi Mba   Last edited by: joachim 2/11/20, 7:41 PM
Eggert, Barbara Margarethe. "Talking (of) Dogs: Überlegungen zu (dys)funktionalen Transspezies-Dialogen zwischen Hunden und Menschen im Comic am Beispiel von Tim und Struppi und den Peanuts." Tierstudien (2019): 174–80.   
Added by: joachim 1/28/20, 11:35 PM
Elefante, Chiara. "Les formes du comique dans les aventures de Tintin." Tintin, Hergé et la «Belgité». Ed. Anna Soncini Fratta. BelŒil. Bologna: CLUEB, 1994. 219–46.   
Added by: Okwuchi Mba   Last edited by: joachim 2/11/20, 8:07 PM
Etter, Lukas. "Transatlantic Comics: Tintin and Superman Crossing the Pond." Handbook of Transatlantic American Studies. Ed. Julia Straub. Berlin u. New York: de Gruyter, 2016. 292–309.   
Added by: joachim   Last edited by: joachim 5/28/18, 8:52 AM
Faeti, Antonio. " L’Aventurier de l’aurore." Tintin, Hergé et la «Belgité». Ed. Anna Soncini Fratta. BelŒil. Bologna: CLUEB, 1994. 15–24.   
Added by: Okwuchi Mba   Last edited by: joachim 1/4/22, 10:02 AM
Farr, Michael. Auf den Spuren von Tim und Struppi. Carlsen-Comics. Reinbek bei Hamburg: Carlsen, 2006.   
Added by: joachim   Last edited by: joachim 6/20/13, 12:06 PM
Farr, Michael. The Adventures of Hergé, Creator of Tintin. San Francisco: Last Gasp, 2008.   
Added by: joachim   Last edited by: joachim 5/14/13, 9:17 AM
Farr, Michael. Tim & Co. Reinbek bei Hamburg: Carlsen, 2009.   
Added by: joachim   Last edited by: joachim 10/13/09, 5:39 PM
Faubert, Patrick. "Back and forth and forward: Metareference in recent film adaptations." Journal of Adaptation in Film & Performance 7. (2014): 159–68.   
Added by: joachim 2/2/22, 8:33 PM
Ferrari, Silvio. "«Les bijoux de la Castafiore» De métaphores en métaplasmes la langue en «marche»." Tintin, Hergé et la «Belgité». Ed. Anna Soncini Fratta. BelŒil. Bologna: CLUEB, 1994. 203–18.   
Added by: Okwuchi Mba   Last edited by: joachim 1/4/22, 9:28 AM
Filc, Dani. "Tintin and Corto Maltese: The European Adventurer Meets the Colonial Other." European Comic Art 13. (2020): 95–121.   
Added by: joachim 6/6/20, 5:38 PM
Fillitz, Thomas. "Populärkultur und Kongo: Zwischen der Bande Dessinée von Hergé und den Bildern von Chéri Samba." Medien & Zeit 16. (2001): 22–30.   
Added by: joachim 7/30/11, 4:08 PM
Fontaine, Jacques. Hergé chez les initiés. Paris: Dervy, 2001.   
Added by: joachim 8/17/11, 5:00 PM
Forceville, Charles. "Pictorial runes in Tintin and the Picaros." Journal of Pragmatics 43. (2011): 875–90.   
Added by: joachim   Last edited by: joachim 4/5/23, 7:56 PM
Frahm, Ole. "Goldstein und der geheimnisvolle Jude: Antisemitische Stereotype in Hergés Tim und Struppi." Kultur & Gespenster (2008): 169–84.   
Added by: joachim   Last edited by: joachim 10/17/11, 11:02 AM
Frahm, Ole. "Der Authentizitäts-Fetisch: Hergés Biographie eines Hundes." Der dokumentarische Comic. Reportage und Biografie. Ed. Dietrich Grünewald. Bochum: Ch.A. Bachmann, 2013. 63–74.   
Added by: joachim 8/12/13, 11:05 PM
Frahm, Ole and Michael Hein. "Hergé." Lexikon der Comics. Ed. Marcus Czerwionka. Meitingen: Corian, 1992.   
Added by: joachim 5/10/14, 7:45 AM
Frahm, Ole and Michael Hein. "Tintin." Lexikon der Comics. Ed. Marcus Czerwionka. Meitingen: Corian, 1992.   
Added by: joachim 5/11/14, 7:40 AM
Fresnault-Deruelle, Pierre. Les mystères du Lotus bleu. Bruxelles: Éditions Moulinsart, 2006.   
Added by: joachim 6/16/24, 11:45 AM
Fresnault-Deruelle, Pierre. "Hergé ou L’intelligence graphique." MEI (2007): 40–54.   
Added by: joachim 9/9/14, 4:00 PM
Fresnault-Deruelle, Pierre. "The Moulinsart Crypt." European Comic Art 3. (2010): 119–44.   
Added by: joachim 7/5/12, 8:44 AM
Fresnault-Deruelle, Pierre. Hergéologie: Cohérence et cohésion du récit en images dans les aventures de Tintin. Iconotextes. Tours: Presses Univ. François-Rabelais, 2011.   
Added by: joachim   Last edited by: joachim 10/4/14, 4:03 PM
Fresnault-Deruelle, Pierre. "A Visit from Philippulus." European Comic Art 10. (2017): 48–65.   
Added by: joachim   Last edited by: joachim 12/11/17, 2:36 PM
Frey, Hugo. "Tintin: The extreme right-wing and the 70th anniversary debates." Modern and Contemporary France 7. (1999): 361–63.   
Added by: joachim   Last edited by: joachim 11/23/12, 3:14 PM
Frey, Hugo. "History and Memory in Franco-Belgian Bande Dessinée (BD)." Rethinking History 6. (2002): 293–304.   
Added by: joachim   Last edited by: joachim 6/13/24, 1:18 PM
Frey, Hugo. "Contagious colonial diseases in Hergé’s The Adventures of Tintin." Modern and Contemporary France 12. (2004): 177–88.   
Added by: joachim   Last edited by: joachim 11/23/12, 3:16 PM
Frey, Hugo. "Céline, Hergé et l’Affaire Haddock: The Consequences of a Literary Scandal." Études Francophones 20. (2005): 59–72.   
Added by: joachim 11/23/12, 3:29 PM
Frey, Jean-Pierre. "Tintin eller plats för en utopi." Boken om serier. Eds. Elisabet Haglund, et al. Johanneshov: Hammarström & Åberg, 1986. 167–75.   
Added by: joachim 9/27/09, 9:37 PM
Frey, Hugo. "Trapped in the Past: Anti-Semitism in Hergé's Flight 714." History and Politics in French-Language Comics and Graphic Novels. Ed. Mark McKinney. Jackson: Univ. Press of Mississippi, 2008. 27–43.   
Added by: joachim 10/12/10, 11:52 PM
Girard, Eudes. "Une lecture de Tintin au Tibet." Études 411. (2009): 77–86.   
Added by: joachim   Last edited by: joachim 2/14/18, 12:16 PM
Girard, Eudes. "Une relecture de Tintin au Congo." Études 417. (2012): 75–86.   
Added by: joachim   Last edited by: joachim 2/10/18, 3:22 PM
Goddeeris, Idesbald. "Racism for Beginners: Constructions of Chinese in Twentieth-Century Belgian Comics." Race and Racism in Modern East Asia. Western and Eastern Constructions. Eds. Rotem Kowner and Walter Demel. Brill’s Series on Modern East Asia in a Global Historical Perspective. Leiden: Brill, 2013. 231–59.   
Added by: joachim 6/19/17, 5:58 PM
Goddin, Philippe. Hergé and Tintin: Reporters: From Le petit vingtieme to Tintin Magazine. London: Sundancer, 1987.   
Added by: joachim   Last edited by: joachim 5/14/13, 9:28 AM
Goddin, Philippe. Comment nait une bande dessinée: Par-dessus l’epaule d’Hergé. Tournai: Casterman, 1991.   
Added by: joachim 1/14/16, 11:09 PM
Goddin, Philippe. The Art of Hergé, Inventor of Tintin. San Francisco: Last Gasp, 2008.   
Added by: joachim 8/31/09, 5:37 PM
González Salvador, Ana. "Fausse ressemblance, fausse différence: les Dupondt." Tintin, Hergé et la «Belgité». Ed. Anna Soncini Fratta. BelŒil. Bologna: CLUEB, 1994. 125–36.   
Added by: Okwuchi Mba   Last edited by: joachim 1/4/22, 9:40 AM
Gousseau, Josette. "Tintin détective." Tintin, Hergé et la «Belgité». Ed. Anna Soncini Fratta. BelŒil. Bologna: CLUEB, 1994. 151–80.   
Added by: joachim 3/9/17, 12:49 PM
Gravet, Catherine. "Qui a peur du grand anthropoïde?." Tintin, Hergé et la «Belgité». Ed. Anna Soncini Fratta. BelŒil. Bologna: CLUEB, 1994. 247–60.   
Added by: Okwuchi Mba   Last edited by: joachim 1/4/22, 9:37 AM
Gravett, Paul. "Hergé & The Clear Line: Part 1." Comic Art (2003).   
Added by: joachim 7/6/13, 7:30 PM
Groensteen, Thierry. Le rire de Tintin: Essai sur le comique hergéen. Bruxelles: Moulinsart, 2006.   
Added by: joachim 8/29/11, 3:27 PM
de Groot, Kees. "Tintin as a Catholic comic: How Catholic Values Went Underground." Implicit Religion 19. 3 2017. Accessed 14Feb. 2018. <https://journals.equino ... p/IR/article/view/31123>.   
Added by: joachim 2/14/18, 11:36 AM
Grutman, Rainier. "« Eih bennek, eih blavek »: L’inscription du bruxellois dans Le sceptre d’Ottokar." Études françaises 46. (2010): 83–99.   
Added by: joachim   Last edited by: joachim 6/9/13, 11:39 PM
Halen, Pierre. "Tintin, paradigme du héros colonial belge? (A propos de «Tintin au Congo»)." Tintin, Hergé et la «Belgité». Ed. Anna Soncini Fratta. BelŒil. Bologna: CLUEB, 1994. 39–56.   
Added by: Okwuchi Mba   Last edited by: joachim 12/15/21, 4:58 PM
Hein, Michael. "Studio Hergé." Lexikon der Comics. Ed. Marcus Czerwionka. Meitingen: Corian, 1992.   
Added by: joachim 5/10/14, 7:32 AM
Hunt, Nancy Rose. "Tintin and the Interruptions of Congolese Comics." Images and Empires. Visuality in Colonial and Postcolonial Africa. Eds. Paul S. Landau and Deborah D. Kaspin. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 2002. 90–123.   
Added by: joachim 12/12/12, 1:19 PM
Jordan, Joachim. "Abenteuercomics in Christian Krachts Imperium." Georg-Forster-Studien 20. (2015): 307–22.   
Added by: joachim 12/16/17, 3:31 PM
Jouanny, Robert. "Tintin et l’Amérique Latine." Tintin, Hergé et la «Belgité». Ed. Anna Soncini Fratta. BelŒil. Bologna: CLUEB, 1994. 89–102.   
Added by: Okwuchi Mba   Last edited by: joachim 1/4/22, 9:52 AM
Justens, Daniel and Alain Préaux. HerGPS: L’univers géographique d’un célèbre reporter. Waterloo: Avant-Propos, 2011.   
Added by: joachim 10/7/12, 11:17 AM
1 - 100  |  101 - 200  |  201 - 215
WIKINDX 6.10.2 | Total resources: 14642 | Username: -- | Bibliography: WIKINDX Master Bibliography | Style: Modern Language Association (MLA)